Travel Immersion Heater Uk

Electric Heating

Heating

Although they all use the same physical principle to generate heat, electric heaters differ in the way they deliver that heat to the environment. Several types are described in the following sections.

Radiant heaters or space "heaters"

Main article: Space heating

Radiative heaters contain a heating element that reaches a high temperature. The element is usually packed in a glass envelope resembling a light bulb and a reflector to direct the body's energy output of the heater. The element emits infrared radiation that travels through air or space until it hits an absorbing surface which is partially coveted heat and partially reflected. This heat warms people and objects directly in the room, rather than heating the air. This type of heater is particularly useful in areas without heating the air flows through. They are also ideal for basements and garages instead of heating desired. More generally, are an excellent option for heating specific tasks.

Operate silently. radiant heaters Today the greatest danger potential to ignite nearby furnishings due to the intensity of its production is concentrated and the lack of protection against overheating.

Convection Heaters

Main article: Hot air convection

In a convection heater, the heating element heats the air next to it by convection. Hot air is less dense than cold air, so it rises due to buoyancy, allowing cooler air to flow to take its place. This provides a steady stream of warm air leaves the unit through the ventilation holes and warms the surrounding space. They are ideal for heating a confined space. Operate silently and have a lower risk of ignition hazard in the event that make unintentional contact with Furniture compared with radiant heaters. This is a good choice for long periods of time or if left unattended. They are very safe heaters there is a very low probability of getting burned.

In the UK, these devices are sometimes called electrical fires, as they were originally used to replace open fires.

Fan heaters or forced convection heat "

Main article: Fan Heater

A fan heater is a variety of convection heater that includes a electric fan to speed the flow of air. This reduces the thermal resistance between the resistance and the environment more quickly than passive convection, allowing that heat is transferred more quickly.

They operate with much noise from the fan. They have a moderate risk of risk of ignition in the event that the unintended contact with furnishings. This type of heater is a good choice for quick heating of enclosed spaces.

Storage heating

Main article: Storage heater

A storage heating takes advantage of the prices of the cheapest electricity, which is sold during periods of low demand, as during the night. In the UK, this is described as Economy 7. The heat accumulator stores clay bricks, then releases it during the day when necessary.

Electric radiant floor heating national

Main article: underfloor heating

These systems are known as radiant heating, regardless of whether a heat exchanger (also called a radiator) or feed electrically.

When a home radiant heat system is turned on, current flows through a heat conductive material. For systems radiant floor heating voltage, line voltage (110 V or 230 V) current flows through the heating cable. For low voltage systems, the line voltage becomes with very low voltage (8-30 V) in the control unit (which contains a step-down transformer) and this low voltage is applied to the resistance.

The heated material then heats the ground to the proper temperature set by the thermostat ground. The ground then heats the adjacent air, which circulates heating or other objects in the room (tables, chairs, people) by convection. As it rises, hot air heat the room and its contents to the ceiling. This form of heating gives the most consistent temperature from floor to ceiling compared to any heating system.

Heat pumps

Main article: Heat Pump

A heat pump uses an electrically powered compressor to operate a refrigeration cycle that extracts heat energy from outside air or groundwater, soil and updates its temperature to a level high enough to use for heating. The working fluid boils at low temperature, absorbing heat in a heat exchanger outdoors, then the resulting vapor is compressed and condensed to form liquid in a capacitor inside the building. The condenser heat is absorbed by the air in the building (and sometimes also used for hot water). In the summer months, the cycle can be reversed to provide air conditioning. Pumps Heat can get low-quality heat outdoor air in temperate climates, in areas with average winter temperatures below freezing, heat pumps extract heat waste stored in the ground at a constant temperature.

Water Heating

Heater Immersion

Heating water with electricity is usually done by an immersion heater. This is a metal tube containing a resistance heater electrically insulating. Domestic immersion heaters (usually rated at 3 kilowatts in the United Kingdom) run in the domestic electricity supply. Industrial immersion heaters (like those used in electric boilers) may have a capacity of 100 kilowatts or more, and run on a three-phase supply.

Electrode heater

With a heater electrodes, no resistance of wire rope and the liquid itself acts as resistance. This has potential risks to the regulations governing the heating of electrodes are strict.

Environmental and efficiency

The effectiveness of any system depends on the definition the limits of the system. For a customer power efficiency of electric heating can be 100%, because all energy purchased becomes warm building. However, if the power plant electricity is included, the overall efficiency drops. For example, a power plant with fossil fuels may not deliver 4 units of electricity for every 10 units of fuel energy released. Even with 100% efficient electric heater, the amount of fuel needed for a given amount of heat is more than if the fuel is burned in a furnace or boiler in the building for heating. If the same fuel could be used for space heating by a consumer, generally would be more efficient to burn fuel in the building of the end user. Not all fuels are suitable for building heating, for example, emissions controls required for coal combustion are too expensive for the ovens of the household level.

In Sweden, the use of direct electric heating has been restricted since the 1980's for this reason, and there are plans to completely eliminate - See oil elimination in Spain - while Denmark has banned the installation of electric heating in new buildings for similar reasons. In the case of buildings New, low-power techniques can be used building which can virtually eliminate the need for heating, as the house built standard passive.

In Quebec, however, electric heating remains the most popular form of home heating. According to a 2003 Statistics Canada survey, 68% of households in the province use electricity for heating. This can be explained by the fact that more 90% of all power consumed in Quebec is generated by hydroelectric dams, which have lower emissions of greenhouse gases from power plants and low and stable rates charged by Hydro-Qubec, the provincial company property.

In order to provide heat more efficiently, a heat pump, electric drive can raise interior temperature by extracting heat from the ground, outside air, or waste streams, such as exhaust air. This can reduce power consumption to a minimum of 20% of that used by resistive heating and reduce environmental impact.

Electric heating can still be economical in the provision of cheap electricity. If the primary source of power is hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, or other carbon-free source, may not be practical to exploit the resource directly in heating applications, but the electricity grid can be used conveniently. Electric space heating is useful in places where the air is difficult management, such as in laboratories.

Economics

The operation of the electrical resistance heaters to heat an area for a long period of time generally considered to be expensive. However, intermittent or partial day use can be more profitable than building the whole heating due to superior control area.

Example: a dining room in an office has limited hours of operation. During periods of low use of "police" heat level (50 F/10 C) is provided by the central heating system. At peak usage hours between 11:0014:00 are heated to "comfort levels" (70 F/21 C). Significant savings can be made in the total energy as infrared radiation losses through thermal conductivity not is so large, with a smaller temperature gradient, both from this area without heating the air outside, and between the refrigerator and dining room (in the Today colder).

Economically, the electric heat is very efficient, and can be compared with other heat sources by calculating the cost per kilowatt-hour, multiplied by the efficiency of the stove, and then multiplied by the number of kilowatts used the heater.

Industrial Electric Heating

See also the induction furnace, electric arc furnace, muffle furnace

Electric heating is widely used in industry.

Benefits of electric heating methods on other forms include precision control of temperature and heat distribution, combustion is not used for heat generation, and the ability to achieve temperatures are not easily achievable with combustion chemistry. Electric heat can be applied accurately in the precise point in a process is necessary in a high concentration of energy per unit area or volume. Electric heaters can be built in any size and can be located anywhere place within a plant. electric heating processes are generally clean, quiet, and do not emit much waste heat to the surroundings. electric heating equipment has a high response speed, which gives teams quick cycles of mass production.

The limitations and disadvantages electric heating in the industry include the increased cost of electricity compared to the direct use of fuel and the cost of both capital electric heaters and other infrastructure needed to deliver large amounts of electricity to the point of use. This may be somewhat offset for greater efficiency in the use of less energy in general to achieve the same result.

Design of an industrial heating begins with the evaluation of the required temperature, the amount of heat required, and the possible modes of heat transfer. In addition to driving convection and radiation, the electric heating methods can be used electric and magnetic fields to heat the material.

Heating methods include electrical resistance heating, arc heating, induction heating and dielectric heating. In some processes (eg arc welding), electric current is applied directly to the workpiece. In other processes, heat is generated in part by induction or dielectric loss. In addition, heat can be produced then transferred to the work by conduction, convection or radiation.

Industrial heating processes can be classified as low temperature (about 400 C (730 F)), the average temperature (between 400 and C 1150 C (730 to 2100 F)), and high temperature (beyond 1150 C (2100 F)).

low temperature processes are:

baking and drying

cured finishes,

welding

Plastic molding and shaping.

Medium temperature processes include:

melting plastic and non-metallic elements for the issuance or remodeling,

annealing

to relieve stress, and

heat treatment.

High temperature processes include:

steelmaking,

brazing and welding

ferrous metal smelting and others

cutting

foundries,

preparation of some chemicals.

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